Bài tập thực hành môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Ôn tập đầu năm

Nội dung text: Bài tập thực hành môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 - Ôn tập đầu năm

1. PHẦN ễN TẬP ĐẦU NĂM CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( Cõu điều kiện) -Cỏc trợ động từ hỡnh thỏi như will, would, can, could thường xuất hiện trong cỏc cõu điều kiện. Cỏc cõu điều kiện thường chứa từ if (nếu) - Có 2 mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện: Mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề điều kiên( mệnh đề if) - Mệnh đề điều kiện (mệnh đề if) có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Khi nó đứng trước mệnh đề chính, dùng dấu phẩy để tách 2 mệnh đề. Khi nó theo sau mệnh đề chính không dùng dấu phẩy. Ex: If I have money, I will buy a new car. I will buy a new car if I have money. *Conditional types: ( Các loại hinh câu điêu kiện) - Có 3 loại câu điều kiện: Loại 1, loại 2 và loại 3 1. Type 1 (Điều kiện loại 1): Present Real Conditional (Điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại) - Cõu điều kiện cú thực là cõu mà người núi dựng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc một tỡnh huống thường xảy ra (thúi quen) hoặc sẽ xảy ra (trong tương lai) nếu điều kiện ở mệnh đề chớnh được thoả món. Nếu núi về tương lai, dạng cõu này được sử dụng khi núi đến một điều kiện cú thể thực hiện được hoặc cú thể xảy ra. Ex: - If he tries much more, he will improve his English. - If I have money, I will buy a new motorbike. IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chớnh) Simple Future Simple Present S + will + V(inf) S + V[-e/es] S + will not + V(inf) S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf) Will + S + V(inf) ? Dạng bài tập : V(inf) + OR + Clause (Simple Future) = Unless you + V(inf) , Clause (Simple Future) = If you don’t + V(inf) , Clause (Simple Future) Vớ dụ: Study hard or you will fail the exam. = Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam. = If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam. Cut your hair or they won’t let you in. = Unless you cut your hair , they won’t let you in. = If you don’t cut your hair , they won’t let you in. Ghi chỳ :- Sau mệnh đề If hoặc mệnh đề Unless phải cú dấu phẩy (,) - Sau Unless khụng được dựng dạng phủ định (Vớ dụ : khụng được viết Unless you don’t write) * Command (Thức mệnh lệnh) Form: If + S + simple present tense ... + command form of verb + ... Ex: - If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me. - Please call me if you hear anything from Jane. 2. Type 2(Điều kiện loại 2): Present Real Conditional (Điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại) - Điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại được dùng để đề cập đến những tình huống tưởng tượng hoặc là không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại.
2. Ex: - If I were rich, I would travel around the world. (I am not rich) (I’m not going to travel around the world) *Động từ to be phải chia là were ở tất cả cỏc ngụi. Ex: - If I were you, I wouldn't go to that movie. 3. Type 3 (Điều kiện loại 3): Past unreal conditional (Điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ) - Điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ được dùng để đề cập đến những tình huống đã không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ. - If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident. (I was in a hurry) (I had an accident) * Chỳ ý rằng cũng cú thể thể hiện một điều kiện khụng cú thực mà khụng dựng if. Trong trườnghợp đú, trợ động từ had được đưa lờn đầu cõu, đứng trước chủ ngữ. Mệnh đềđiều kiện sẽ đứng trước mệnh đề chớnh. Ex: - Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. - Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it. Lưu ý: Cõu điều kiện khụng phải lỳc nào cũng tuõn theo qui luật trờn. Trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt, một vế của điều kiện là quỏ khứ nhưng vế cũn lại cú thểở hiện tại (do thời gian qui định). Ex: - If she had caught the train, she would be here by now. TYPE 2,3 IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chớnh) (Loại 2,3) Simple Past (Be were) S + would / could + V(inf) II S + V-ed/2 S + wouldn’t / couldn’t +V(inf) S + didn’t + V(inf) Would / Could + S + V(inf) ? S + would / could have + V-ed/3 Past Perfect III S + had + V-ed/3 S + wouldn’t / couldn’t have + V-ed/3 S + hadn’t + V-ed/3 Would / Could + S + have + V-ed/3 ? EXERCISEs Conditional Sentence Type I : 1/ If he (study) ________ harder, he can pass an exam. 2/ She may be late if she (not hurry) ________. 3/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) ________ him. 4/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _______ good to you. 5/ If he (give) _______ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again. 6/ If I have money, I_______ buy a new motorbike 7/ You (not pass) ________ your driving test unless you drive more carefully. 8/ He’ll be ill if he (not stop) ________ worrying so much. 9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow if it ( be) ________ nice. 10/ Jane never( get) ________there on time if the train leaves soon.
3. Conditional Sentence Type II : 1/ He (come) _______ if you waited. 2/ If you (ring) _______ the bell, the servant would come. 3/ If it (not rain) _______ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow. 4/ If today (be) _______ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work 5/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _______. 6/ If I (have) ________ a typewriter, I could type it myself. 7/ What (you do) ________ if you got fat ? Conditional Sentence Type III: 1/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) ________ you. 2/ If you (arrive) ________ ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat. 3/ If you (speak) ________ more slowly,he might have understood you. 4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _______ him. 5/ If she had had your address, she (write) _______ to you. 6/ If she (write) _______ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes. EXERCISE II: Rewrite the following sentences, using Conditional Sentences Conditional Sentence Type I : 1/ My brother will have enough money. He will buy a bicycle. If ___________________________________________________________ 2/ I’ll buy a new hat. I’ll give it to you. If ___________________________________________________________ 3/ You’ll ask the teacher. He’ll explain the lesson to you. If ___________________________________________________________ Conditional Sentence Type II : 1/ I don’t have enough money. I can’t go on a long holiday this year. If ___________________________________________________________ 2/ I don’t have a typewriter. I can’t type it myself. ______________________________________________ 3. I don't live in a big city, so I can't go to the cinema very often. If 4. Lan doesn’t have a bike, she walk to school. If .,. Conditional Sentence Type III: 1. He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train. I. Conditional sentences: type I: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. If I see him I (give) .. him a lift. 2 If he (eat) all that he will be ill. 3. If I find your passport I (telephone) . you at once. 4. If he (read) .. in bad light he will ruin his eyes. 5. Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked. 6. What will happen if my parachute (not open)?............................................................................................. 7. If he (wash) .. my car I'll give him Ј10.
4. 8. If she (need) .. a radio she can borrow mine 9. If you (not go) .away I'll send for the police. 10. I'll be very angry if he (make) .. any more mistakes. 11. If he (be) .late we'll go without him. 12. If you give my dog a bone he (bury) it at once. 13. If you come late they (not let) you in. 14. We'll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) any higher. 15. If he (work) .. hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow? 16. If you (not like) . this one I'll bring you another. 17. She won't open the door unless she (know) .who it is. II. Conditional sentences: type 2: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I had a typewriter I (type) .. it myself. 2 If I (know) .. his address I'd give it to you. 3 He (look) a lot better if he shaved more often 4. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes. 5. I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) ..you. 6. More tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate 7. If I (win) a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job. 8. What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house? 9. I could tell you what this means if I (know) . Greek. 10. If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come) .. 11. I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree. 12. If we had more rain our crops (grow) . faster. 13. What would you do if the lift (get) ..stuck between two floors? 14. If you (paint) .. the walls white the room would be much brighter. 15. I'd climb over the wall if there (not be) .so much broken glass on t of it. III. Conditional sentences: type 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) ..you. 2.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) ..here last week. 3 I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes. 4 If he had asked you, you (accept)?............................................................................................................. 5. If I (know) ..that you were coming I'd have baked a cake. 6. If I (had) .a map I would have been all right. 7. The hens (not get) . into the house if you had shut the door. 8. If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it. 9. If you (speak) .. more slowly he might have understood you. 10. If he had known the whole story he (not be) ..so angry. 11. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) .down
5. the wrong street. VI. Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces. 1/ ________ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus. 2/ Will you phone me ________ you come to England ? 3/ ________ you see Jane, ask her to contact me. 4/ You’ll never pass your exam ________ you don’t work harder. 5/ Liverpool won’t win ________ they begin playing better. V. Use “if” in place of “unless” 1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining. -________________________________________________ 2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle. -____________________________________________________________ 3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good. -____________________________________________________________ 4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice. -____________________________________________________________ 5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good nets. -____________________________________________________________ VI. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences. 1. If I .a lot of money now, I ..a new car. a. have /will buy b. have / would buy c. had/ will buy d. had/ would buy. 2. If I you, I .do that. a. am/ will b. were /would c. were/ will d. had been/ would. 3. if I were offered the job, I think I . it. a. take b. will take c. would take d. would have taken. 4. I would be very surprised if he .. a. refuses b. refused c. had refused d. would refuse. 5. Many people would be out of work if that factory ..down. a. closes b. had closed c. closed d. would close. 6. If she sold her car, she much money. a. gets b. would get c. will get d. would have got. 7. They would be disappointed if we . a. hadn’t comeb. wouldn’t come c. don’t come d. didn’t come. 8. Would John be angry if I . his bicycle without asking? a. take b. took c. had taken d. would take. 9. She .terrible upset if I lost this ring. a. will be b. would be c. were d. had been. 10. If someone in here with a gun, I would be very frightened. a. would walk b. walks c. had walked d. walked. 11. What would happen if you ..to work tomorrow? a. don’t go b. didn’t go c. won’t go d. wouldn’t go. 12. We ‘ll get wet if we .out. a. go b. did go c. went d. had gone. 13. If I go shopping, I some food. a. buy b. will buy c. would buy d. would have bought. 14. If I find it, I you. a. will tell b. would tell c. had told d. told.
6. 15. What would you do if you a million dollars? a. would win b. win c. had won d. won. 16. They ‘d be hurt if I . a. don’t go b. didn’t go c. hadn’t gone d. wouldn’t go. 17. If we took the 6: 30 train, we too early. a. would have arrived b. arrived c. will arrived d. would arrive. 18. If I had known you were in hospital, I to see you. a. will go b. would go c. went d. would have gone. 19. If I ., I would have said hello. a. had seen b. see c. saw d. would see. 20. I ..out if I hadn’t been so tired. a. will go b. went c. would have gone d. would go. 21. If I ..a camera, I would have taken some pictures. a. have b. had c. would have d. had had. 22. You won’t pass the examination you study more. a. as long as b. unless c. if d. whether. 23. If only I you wanted to invest money in business. a. had known b. knew c. have known d. know. 24. If I were to leave my country , I disappointed. a. probably be b. would have been c. will be d. would be. 25. If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he .in his examination. a. would fail b. wouldn’t fail c. wouldn’t have failed. d. won’t fail. 26. If I had taken that English course, I ..much progress. a. had made b. would have made c. made d. would make. 27. If I were in your place, I .a trip to England. a. will make b. had made c. made. d. would make. 28. If I .. you , I’d save some of your lottery winning. a. be b. were c. am d. was 29. If the car .. larger, we would have bought it. a. had been b. have been c. has been d. been 30. If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English. a. will go b. should go c. would go d. should have go to 31. If it .. convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight. a. be b. was c. were d. is 32. If you . time, please write to me. a. have b. have had c. had d. has 33. If you had the chance, you go finishing? a. did b. would c. may d. do 34. Trees won’t grow .. there is enough water. a. if b. when c. unless d. as 35. If you . to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now. a. listen b. had listened c. will listen d. listened 36. I wish I .. you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself. a. can lend b. could lend c. would lend d. will lend 37. If someone into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?” a. comes b. came c. would come d. could lend 38. If you stay up late the previous night, you . sleepy the next morning. a. feel b. to feel c. feels d. will feel 39. If Peter ., Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much a. comes b. do not come c. does not come d. will come 40. If his teeth still .., he will have to go to the dentist’s again. a. hurt b. hurts c. to hurt c. will hurt 41. If you Tom , tell him I have a message for him.
7. a. will meet b. would meet c. meet d. met 42. If you too hot during the night , turn down the central heating. a. will feel b. felt c. feel d. feels. 43. If you with your dictionary, I ‘d like to borrow it. a. finish b. finished c. will finish d. are finishing. 44. If I lived nearer the centre , I always late. a. wouldn’t be b. can be c. won’t be d. will be. 45. What would Lan do if she ..the Miss world. a. would be b. were c. will be d. is. 46. If I .her , I would have said “ hello” a. has seen b. have seen c. saw d. had seen. 47. If she had read the passage more slowly , the candidate . a. understood. B. would have understood c. will understood d. would understand. 48. If it , they will not go out. a. rains b. rained c. rain d. raining. 49. Jame will not complete the work if she is ..rarely enough. a. tell b. telling c. tells d. told. 50. Betty will not go to the party unless John .too. a. go b. went c. going d. goes 51. Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody ..with her. a. go b. goes c. went d. going. 52.If you .to go shopping, please go with your aunt this weekend. a. wants b. want c. wanting d. wanted. 53. Mr Smith has to work on weekends if his manager .him to. a. tell b. telling c. told d. tells. 54. Unless they her to work hard, she would not. a. encourage b. encourage c. encourages d. encouraging. 55. If I .a king, I would give money to the poor . a. is b. are c. am d. were. 56. If we had left this country , we would have .to Australia. a. emigrated b. emigrates c. emigrate d. emigrating. 57. If I had to the party last night, I her. a. will have met. b. would meet c. would have met d. will meet. 58. Unless the pupils pay attention, the teacher .be angry. a. would b. may c. will d. might. 59. Please do not go out if it . a. rain b. rains c. rained d. raining. 60. If you me with this exercise, I will do the same for you one day. a. helped b. would help c. help d. will help. 51. If you listen to music, you can’t your study. a. concentrate on b. interested in c. care about d. read about. 61. you study harder, you won’t pass the final exam. a. unless b. if c. if not d. without. 62. If the weather .fine, we will go on a picnic. a. is b. were c. would be d. will be. 63. If he .harder, the results will be better. a. worked b. works c. has worked d. will work. 64. If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ..better. a. be b. will be c. is d. would be. 65. If she hadn’t overslept, she ..late for the interview. a. wouldn’t be b. wouldn’t have been c. hadn’t been d. would have been 66. I’d have told you if I ..the book. a. had seen b. would have seen c. saw d. see.
8. 67. If we had known your new address, we ..to see you. a. came b. would have come c. would come d. will come. 68. If I found a wallet in the street, I .take it to police. a. will b. should c. would d. shall 69. I .that coat if I were you. a. wouldn’t buy b. didn’t buy c. don’t buy d. won’t buy. 70. If you didn’t do this , you punished. a. are b. will be c. would be d. should be. VII. Identify the one that has a mistake by circling the corresponding letter a, b, c, d. 71. If we will reduce the speed of population growth, there will be less pressure on the earth. A b c d 72. Unless we leave a bowl of water under the sun, it will evaporate. A b c d 73. If we continue to use fuels at the current rate, we would soon have to face a fuel crisis. A b c d 74. If I am 10 centimeters taller, I would play basketball. A b c d 75. If the doctors could find in the remedy, a lot of people would be saved. A b c d 76. If she bought that house now, she ran out of money. A b c d 77. What you would do if you could speak French well? A b c d 78. If I had known he is not at home, I wouldn’t have gone all the way to his house. A b c d 79. If I had known that the road were flooded, I would never have taken that way. A b c d 80. If I were you, I will go to the dentist’s and have the tooth checked. a b c d 81. If you hadn’t left the car unlocked, it wouldn’t have be stolen. a. b. c. d 82. What would happen because I pressed that red button? a. b. c. d 83. If the weather is fine today, we would go to the beach. a. b c. d. 84. If you will study harder, you will surely pass the coming exams with good results. a. b. c. d 85. If the weather weren’t too bad, we would to go swimming. a. b. c. d 86. If he weren’t too old, he would apply to the job as a war reporter. a. b c. d 87.If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur. a. b. c. d 88. If I would have studied Russian at school, I would have understood him easily. a. b. c. d 89. If tomorrow the weather will be bad, the match will be postponed. a. b. c. d. 90. If you will see Mike today, please ask him to phone me. a. b. c. d. UNIT 1: A DAY IN A LIFE OF .
9. I. PHẦN TỪ VỰNG: Từ Từ loại Cỏch đọc Nghĩa air-hostess n /ˈeə həʊstəs/ nữ tiếp viờn hàng khụng alternate v /ɔːlˈtɜːnət/ thay phiờn, xen kẽ announce v /əˈnaʊns/ thụng bỏo bank n /bổŋk/ bờ be contented with hài lũng với dip v /dɪp/ nhỳng, ngõm, dỡm xuống fasten v /ˈfɑːsn/ thắt, buộc fasten seat belt thắt đai an toàn fire brigade đội cứu hỏa frightening adj /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ khủng khiếp, ghờ sợ go off v đổ chuụng (đồng hồ) harrow v /ˈhổrəʊ/ bừa peasant n /ˈpeznt/ nụng dõn pedal n /ˈpedl/ bàn đạp plough v /plaʊ/ cày pump v /pʌmp/ bơm
10. stare death in the đối mặt với tử thần face stewed adj /stjuːd (được) ninh, hầm, kho take a rest nghỉ ngơi transplanting n transplant /trổnsˈplɑːnt/ cấy ghộp typical adj /ˈtɪpɪkl/ điển hỡnh UNIT 1: A DAY IN THE LIFE OF PHONOLOGY Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others 1. A. field B. heat C. meet D. peasant 2. A. kitchen B. history C. finish D. sometimes Choose the word that has different main stress from the others. 3. A. usually B. afternoon C. family D. buffalo 4. A. tobacco B. breakfast C. children D. several GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 5. During his break, Mr. .Pike is used to drinking tea with his fellow peasants. A. workers B. associates C. mechanics D. farmers 6. We are ________ with what we do. A. contented B. contenting C. contents D. contention 7. Don’t worry! The children are quite ________ here. A. safety B. safe C. unsafe D. safely 8. Lan______ has English on Monday and Friday. A. usual B. frequent C. usually D. normal 9. Jim sometimes______ at midnight. A. wake B. woke C. wakes up D. woke up 10. John is not a farmer so he never_______ A. do the transplanting B. do transplanting C. does the transplanting D. did the transplanting 11. When they saw the fire, they________. A. screamed in danger B. scream on panic C. screamed in panic D. screaming in panic 12. In the afternoon, we go to work ________. A. again B. more C. hardly D. once 13. Because ________, he couldn’t read the letter. A. it was dark B. the darkness C. of dark D. being dark 14. All the teachers_______ him because he is well-behaved. A. loves B. love C. is loving D. loved 15. It takes him fifteen minutes to go to school. A. He spends fifteen minutes to go to school. B. He spends fifteen minutes going to school. C. He spends going to school for fifteen minutes. D. He spends to go to school for fifteen minutes.
11. 16. What do you usually ________? A. do after school C. do with lessons B. do after lesson D. plays after school 17. He missed the bus because the alarm clock didn’t ______ A. go off B. rings C. went off D. rang 18. She sings more ______ than you do. A. beautifully B. beautiful C. well D. badly 19. What was happening when he arrived ______ the airport ? A. to B. at C. in D. for 20. She looked in her mirror ______ an ambulance behind her. A. saw B. and see C. and was seeing D. and saw 21. She always goes for a walk with her dog ______ Sunday mornings. A. in B. on C. at D. during 22. I study many subjects such as Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Vietnamese Literature, History, Geography etc. A. learn B. teach C. see D. review 23. Mrs Reed _____ on the radio in her car while she was driving home yesterday. A. was turning B. turning C. turned D. turns 24. I felt quite _____ with my day’s work. A. satisfy B. satisfactory C. satisfied D. satisfaction 25. I knew him_____I was a child. A. until B. when C. while D. during 26. - _____do you often go to school? - At 6.30 every morning. A. How B. what time C. who D. with whom 27. A: “What’s your favourite _______ at school?” B: “English, of course.” A. subject B. topic C. lesson D. theme Identify one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect: 28. Tom watches usually television in the evening. A B C D 29. These pupils never are late for school. A B C D 30. It was an extremely frightened experience in my life. A B C D READING COMPREHENSION Read the passage and fill in the gap with the best option: David Evans is a farmer. He does the farming on his own land in Wales. The farm has belonged to his family for generations. The soil is poor. David (36) _____ sheep on his land. He does not employ any full-time workers. His sons help him when they are not (37) _____ school. His wife adds to the family income by selling eggs which her hens produce. In summer, she often takes paying guests into the farmhouse. The guests from the city enjoy their quiet holiday in the clean country air (38) _____ Mrs Evans enjoys having some (39) _____ money to spend on clothes for her children and herself. However, it is a lonely life for the Evans family when the guests have gone. The question is that if his children want to take over the farm when Mr Evans gives up working. Country life is quiet and peaceful to them. It is quite likely that they will leave the farm (40) _____ the city some day. 36. A. feeds B. grows C. leads D. raises 37. A. at B. for C. to D. on 38. A. when B. so that C. if D. and 39. A. any B. extra C. interest D. free 40. A. for B. in C. at D. of Read the passage then answer the question bellow
12. Routines save time and energy because you do them without thinking. That’s why they are so important in the morning when your brain isn’t active. Here’s Jo talking about her morning routine. “Oh yes I always do exactly the same things. I wake up at seven o’clock every morning but I don’t get up till a quarter past seven. I switch on the radio and listen to the news. Then I go to the loo and I brush my teeth. I have a shower and dry my hair. Then I choose my clothes and I get dressed. I don’t eat anything for breakfast. I just have a cup of coffee. Then I go to work. Yes, it’s always the same.” Routines are very useful, but they also make you uncreative. So sometimes it’s a good idea to break your routines. Get out of bed on the opposite side. Listen to a different radio station. Take a different route to work. Eat something different for breakfast. Change your routine. You never know, it could change your life. 1. What time does Jo get up in the morning? ....................................................................................................................................................... 2. What does she have for breakfast? ...................................................................................................................................................... 3. What does the word “loo” in the passage mean? ....................................................................................................................................................... 4. Are routines always good? Why? Why not? ....................................................................................................................................................... 5. Why do routines save your time and energy? ...............................................................................................................................................