Đề cương ôn tập môn Tiếng Anh 10 - Tuần 10 - Unit 5: Cultural identity - Key

Nội dung text: Đề cương ôn tập môn Tiếng Anh 10 - Tuần 10 - Unit 5: Cultural identity - Key

1. Period 41, 42, 43, 44 Unit 5. CULTURAL IDENTITY - KEY PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW A. VOCABULARY • assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/ (v): đồng hĩa • assimilation /əˌsɪməˈleɪʃn/ (n): sự đồng hĩa • attire /əˈtaɪə(r)/ (n): quần áo, trang phục • blind man's bluff: trị chơi bịt mắt bắt dê • cultural identity /ˈkʌltʃərəl aɪˈdentəti/: bản sắc văn hĩa • cultural practices /ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈprỉktɪs/: các hoạt động văn hĩa, tập quán văn hĩa • custom /ˈkʌstəm/ (n): phong tục, tập quán • diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ (n): tính đa dạng • flock /flɒk/ (v): lũ lượt kéo đến • maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ (v): bảo vệ, duy trì • martial spirit /ˈmɑːʃl ˈspɪrɪt/ (n.phr): tinh thần thượng võ • multicultural /ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl/ (a): đa văn hĩa • national custome /ˌnỉʃnəl ˈkɒstjuːm/: trang phục dân tộc • national pride /ˌnỉʃnəl praɪd/: lịng tự hào dân tộc • solidarity /ˌsɒlɪˈdỉrəti/ (n): sự đồn kết, tình đồn kết • unify /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/ (v): thống nhất • unique /juˈniːk/ (a): độc lập, duy nhất, chỉ cĩ 1 • unite /juˈnaɪt/ (v): đồn kết • worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/ (v): tơn kính, thờ cúng B. GRAMMAR REVIEW 1. THÌ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN - Dùng để chỉ sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vẫn cịn tiếp tục ở hiện tại và cĩ thể -vẫn cịn tiếp diễn trong tương lai. Chúng ta sử dụng thì này để nĩi về sự việc đã kết thúc nhưng chúng ta vẫn cịn thấy ảnh hưởng. Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn S+ have/has + been + Ving S + haven't/hasn't been + Ving Have/Has + S + been + V-ing? CHÚ Ý: CHÚ Ý: CHÚ Ý: - S = I/ We/ You/ They + have - haven't = have not - Yes, I we you/ they + have. - S = He She It + has - hasn't = has not - Yes, he/she/it + has. Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Vi dụ: - It has been raining for 1 week. - I haven't been studying English - Have you been standing in the (Trời mua 1 tuần rồi.) for 5 years. (Tơi khơng học tiếng rain for more than 2 hours? (Bạn - She has been living here for one Anh được 5 năm rồi.) đứng dưới mưa hơn 2 tiếng đồng hồ year. (Cơ ấy sống ở đây được một - She hasn't been watching films rồi phải khơng?) - Yes, I have./ No, năm rồi.) since last year. (Cơ ấy khơng xem I haven't. phim từ năm ngối.) - Has he been typing the report since this morning? (Anh ấy đánh máy bài báo cáo từ sáng rồi rồi phải khơng?) - - Yes, he has./No, he hasn't.
2. • Cách sử dụng thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn: Cách dùng Ví dụ Hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và cịn đang tiếp tục ở She has been waiting for you all day (Cơ nàng đã đợi hiện tại (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) cậu cả ngày rồi). She has been working here since 2010. (Cơ ấy làm việc ở đây từ năm 2010). Hành động đã kết thúc trong quá khứ, nhưng chúng ta It has been raining (Trời vừa mưa xong). quan tâm tới kết quả tới hiện tại. I am very tired now because I have been working hard for 12 hours. (Bây giờ tơi rất mệt vì tơi đã làm việc vất vả trong 12 tiếng đồng hồ). 2. PHÂN BIỆT HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH và HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN Dạng thức, chức năng và cách sử dụng Thì hiện tại hồn thành và thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn Hiện tại hồn thành Hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn 1. Nhấn mạnh đến tính kết quả của một hành động 1. Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của một hành động hành động Ex: I have read this book three times. Ex: She has been waiting for him all her lifetime. 2. Được sử dụng trong một số cơng thức sau: 2. Được sử dụng trong một số cơng thức sau: - I have studied English since I was 6 years old. - I have been running all the afternoon. - He has played squash for 4 years. - She has been hoping to meet him all day long. - I have been to London twice. - I am so tired. I have been searching for a new apartment - I have never seen her before. all the morning. - She has just finished her project. - How long have you been playing the piano? - She has already had breakfast. - She has been teaching here for about 12 years. - He has not met her recently. 3. Signal Words: ever, never, just, already, 3. Signal Words: all the morning, all the afternoon, all day recently, since, for long, since, for, how long... 3. SO SÁNH KÉP a. Lũy tiến: càng ngày càng... • Short Adj/ Adv S + be/ V + adj/ ady - er and adj/ adv - er Ex: The climate is getting hotter and hotter. • Long Adj/ Adv S + be/ V + more and more + adj/ adv Ex: The environment is more and more polluted. b. Đồng tiến: càng ... càng... • Short Adj/ Adv The adj/ adv – er + S1 + V1, the adj, adv – er + S2 + V2 Ex: The older he is, the weaker he becomes. • Long Adj/ Adv The more adj/ adv + S1 + V1, the more adj/ adv + S2 + V2 Ex: The more luxurious the car is, the more expensive it becomes. c. Càng càng với danh từ. The more + N + S1 + V1, the more + N + S2 + V2 Ex: The more books you read, the more knowledge you will get. d. Càng càng với động từ. The more + N + S1 + V1, the more + N + S2 + V2 Ex: The more he works, the more he earns.
3. Note: Vế 2 là 1 trong 3 cơng thức của vế 1 cho phù hợp. Ex: 1. The hotter it is, the more tired we feel. 2. The more we study, the more intelligent we are. 3. The more rice we export, the richer our country. PART 2: PRACTICE A. PHONETICS I. Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern. 1. A. pressure B. whiteboard C. diverse D. present (n) 2. A. drastically B. distinction C. enjoyable D. dependent 3. A. identifier B. multicultural C. agricultural D. international 4. A. notification B. association C. competition D. participation 5. A. demolish B. syllabus C. industrial D. commercial 6. A. achievement B. encourage C. integrate D. tradition 7. A. computer B. socialize C. diversity D. facility II. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. housework B. vision C. hospital D. classroom 2. A. diversity B. remind C. unite D. attire 3. A. burden B. curtain C. turtle D. curriculum 4. A. unity B. martial C. practice D. spirit 5. A. responsive B. content C. sector D. sense 6. A. benefit B. narrow-minded C. application D. non-profit 7. A. costume B. custom C. culture D. buff 8. A. evaluation B. facilitator C. guidance D. female B. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR I. Give the correct form of the verb in the brackets. 1. I (know) ___have known____ him all my life. 2. They (live) ____have been living_____ in that house for two years. 3. My brother (write) ____has written_____ three books. 4. She (not break) ____hasn’t broken___ her leg yet. 5. She (already break) ___has already broken___ her arm. 6. I (see) _____have seen______ an elephant several times. 7. She (have) _____has had_____ that dress for ten years. 8. We (be) ____have been_____ here for hours! 9. The children (not finish) ____haven’t finished____ their homework yet. 10. You (ever be) _____have you ever been__ to the zoo? 11. I (read) ____have read______ that novel by Hemingway several times before. 12. How long you (learn) ____have you been learning____ English? 13. We (study) _____have studied______ almost every lesson in this book so far. 14. I never (eat) _____have never eaten_____ snake meat. 15. Oh no! Someone (steal) ____has stolen_____ my bag. II. Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1. It's raining. The rain started two hours ago. It ____has been raining___ for two hours. 2. We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting for 20 minutes. We ___have been waiting__ for 20 minutes. 3. I'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December. I ___have been learning Spanish ____ since December. 4. Mary is working in London. She started working there on 18 January. She ___has been working there___ since 18 January.
4. 5. Our friends always spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there years ago. They ___have been going there___ for years. III. Put the verb into the present continuous. (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous (I have been -ing) 1. Maria has been learning (Maria/ learn) English for two years. 2. Hello, Tom _______I’ve been looking_____ (I/ look) for you. Where have you been? 3. Why ______are you looking______ (you/look) at me like that? Stop it! 4. Linda is a teacher, ____she has been teaching_____ (she/ teach) for ten years. 5. _____I’ve been thinking_____ (I/ think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice. 6. 'Is Paul on holiday this week?' 'No, ____he’s working_____’ (he/ work?) 7. Sarah is very tired ____she’s been working______ (she/ work) very hard recently. VI. The word in brackets at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a word that fits suitably in the blank. 1. My sister works hard to ____maintain____ close friendships with the students she studied with in London. Maintainance 2. A nation's culture resides in the ____hearts____ and in the soul of its people. (Mahatma Gandhi) Heart 3. A people without the _____knowledge____ of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots. (Marcus garvey) Know 4. Many of the different _____aboriginal______ groups in North America speak their own unique language. Aborigin 5. Jane had to _____assimilate____ a great deal of information on the first day of her new job. Assimilation 6. The orchid family of flowers is the largest is the largest, most _____diverse____ plant family found in nature. Diversity 7. Vietnamese _____customs____ of weddings, funerals, holidays and rituals all are attached to village community. Customery 8. The ways a person dresses and behaves in public are distinct examples of ____cultural____ diversity and belief patterns. Culture V. Complete each of the following sentences, using the structure comparative + and + comparative with the word in blackets. 1. The warmer the weather, the _______more________ I liked him. 2. The more you practice your English, the ________ more ________ you will learn. 3. The longer he waited, the _________ more _______ impatient he became. 4. The ______ more ________ electricity you use, the higher your bill will be. 5. The more expensive the hotel, the _______better________ the service. 6. The more I got to know him, the ______ more _______ I liked him. 7. The more you have, the __________ more _________ you want. VI. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the words in brackets. 1. Once upon a time there were three little pigs who wanted to see the world. When they left home, their mum gave them some advice: whatever you do, do it the (good) _____best_____ you can. 2. So the three pigs wandered through the world and were the (happy) ____happiest____ pigs you've ever seen. 3. They were playing (funny) _____funny______ games all summer long, but then came autumn and each pig wanted to build a house. 4. The first pig was not only the (small) ___smallest____ but also the (lazy) ____laziest___ of the pigs. 5. He (quick) ____quickly______ built a house out of straw. 6. The second pig made his house out of wood which was a bit (difficult) ____more difficult ____ than building a straw house. 7. The third pig followed his mum's advice and built a strong house out of bricks, which was the (difficult) _____most difficult _____ house to build. 8. The pig worked very (hard) ____hard_____, but finally got his house ready before winter.
5. 9. During the cold winter months, the three little pigs lived (extreme) ___extremely____ (good) ____well_____ in their houses. 10. They (regular) ___regularly____ visited one another and had the (wonderful) ____most wonderful___ time of their lives. VII. Combine the sentences, using DOUBLE COMPARATIVE 1. She studies hard, she will get good grades. The harder she studies, the better grades she will get. 2. You rest much, you will feel better. The more you rest, the better you will feel. 3. The weather is warmer, I feel better. The warmer the weather is, the better I feel. 4. We leave early, we will arrive soon. The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive. 5. We have much knowledge, we become wise. The more knowledge we have, the wiser we become. 6. You are young, you learn easily. The younger you are, the more easily you learn. 7. The hotel is expensive, the services are good. The more expensive the hotel is, the better the services are. 8. You use much electricity, your bill will be high. The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be. 9. I thought about the plan, I like it little. The more I thought about the plan, the less I like it. 10. He is old, he learns slowly. The older he is, the more slowly he learns. 11. She eats much, she will become fat. The more she eats, the fatter she will become. 12. She is older, she becomes more beautiful. The older she is, the more beautiful she becomes. 13. You have much, you want more. The more you have, the more you want. 14. I waited long. I got angry. The longer I waited, the angrier I got. 15. I live far. I feel homesick. The farther I live, the more homesick I feel. VIII. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 1. The mass media has become one of the main instruments of political change. A. less B. fewer C. tiny D. small 2. We ought to keep these proposals secret from the chairman for the time being. A. lively B. frequented C. accessible D. revealed 3. Match the word in A with its appropriate definition in B. A. indirect B. illegal C. improper D. unreal 4. What program do you dislike watching and why not? A. fancy B. think C. imagine D. want 5. What are the differences among types of the media? A. peace B. sameness C. likes D. need 6. Heavy rain causes floods all over the country.
6. A. light B. thin C. tiny D. trivial 7. Television can make us passive. A. obtrusive B. enterprising C. energetic D. strong 8. It is an enjoyable way to relax. A. incorrect B. improper C. hateful D. unpleasant 9. We don't have to think so our brain becomes lazy. A. quick B. diligent C. hard D. good 10. The council demolished it. A. made B. did C. started D. construct IX. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 1. The President escaped through a secret passage underneath the parliament building. A. answer B. hidden C. confidence D. basis 2. Which channel do you recommend to someone who likes animals? A. suggest B. tell C. speak D. talk 3. Documentary is a film or a radio or television program giving facts about something. A. things B. numbers C. truth D. news 4. What types of the media are the most and the least important to you? A. successful B. significant C. Wonderful D. attractive 5. Listen to the two radio news stories and check the right column under News story 1 and News story 2. A. honest B. honorable C. good D. precise 6. Television can make things more memorable because it presents information in a more effective way. A. clever B. expensive C. successful D. pretty 7. Some television programs may make people violent. A. rapid B. insane C. extreme D. good 8. Television also interferes with family life and communication. A. conflicts B. comes C. goes D. chats 9. I'm afraid you've made a mistake. A. wrongness B. error C. badness D. ugliness 10. It makes us aware of our global responsibilities. A. national B. worldly C. universal D. overall X. Choose the best answer. 1. As she did so, her parents became ____. A. the angriest B. the most angry C. the more angry D. angrier and angrier 2. People should eat ____ and do ____ to reduce the risk of heart disease. A. less fat/more exercise B. less and less fat/the more exercise C. the less fat/the more exercise D. fatter/more exercise 3. He spent a year in India and loves spicy food. ____ the food is, ____ he likes it. A. The hotter/the more and more B. The hotter/the more C. The more and more hot/the more D. The hottest/the most 4. It gets ____ to understand what the professor has explained. A. most difficult B. mostly difficult C. the most difficult D. more and more difficult 5. Increasing your vocabulary will make it easier for you to ____ reading comprehension skills. A. fit B. allow C. use D. assimilate 6. Of course you can come to the party. ____. A. The more the merrier B. The more and the merrier C. The more and merrier D. The more and more merrier 7. I feel ____ I did yesterday.
7. A. much more tired than B. many more tired than C. as many tired as D. as more tired as 8 Cultural identity must be ____ and locals should be encouraged to continue their traditions in the wake of tourism. A. protected B. insured C. assured D. confirmed 9. I can't believe that you ____ all the three exercises. You just started five minutes ago. A. have finished B. have been finishing C. finished D. are finishing 10. She is ____ a spectator. A. more an athlete than B. more of an athlete than C. an athlete more than D. an athlete of more than 11. His house is ____ mine. A. twice as big as B. as twice big as C. as two times big as D. as big as twice 12. ____ live in Ho Chi Minh City than in the whole of the rest of the country. A. As much as people B. More people C. As many as people D. People more 13. Touring the small villages of Vietnam by bicycle was a(n) ____ experience. A. existing B. general C. particular D. unique 14. We spend a lot of time together as a family, which sometimes is the best way to learn about ____. A. customs B. habits C. activities D. establishment 15. It gets ____ to understand what the professor has explained. A. the more difficult B. more difficult than C. difficult more and more D. more and more difficult 16. You must drive slower in built up areas. ____ you drive in the city, it is ____ that you will have an accident. A. The faster and faster/the more B. The faster/the more probable C. The more and more fast/the more and more probable D. The more fastly/the probable 17. The party was ____ I had expected A. more a hundred times funny than B. a hundred times funny more than C. a hundred times funnier than D. a hundred times more funny than 18. He finds physics ____ other science subjects. A. far more difficult than B. many more difficult than C. too much more difficult than D. more much difficult than 19. Combining physical activity with a healthy diet is the best way to a ____ healthy body weight A. provide B. support C. maintain D. express 20. Each ethnic group has its own cultural identities, thus, the Vietnamese culture has both ____ and unity. A. difference B. variety C. similarity D. diversity 21. ____ he drank, ____ he became. A. More/more violent B. The most/the most violent C. The more/the more violent D. The less/less violent 22. Mary was ____ of the two sisters. A. the clever B. as clever as C. the cleverer D. the cleverest 23. Culture is the lens with which we evaluate everything around us; we ____ what is proper or improper, normal or abnormal, through our culture. A. express B. evaluate C. calculate D. signal 24. In some parts of the country, prices are ____ than in others. A. high B. more and more high C. the highest D. higher and higher 25. French is a ____ language to learn than English is. A. difficult B. more difficult C. most difficult D. more and more difficult C. READING
8. I. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. Travelling is a great thing to do. It helps us learn about different people and different places. Some people travel because they want to see nature. Others travel because they want to make friends and try great food. Of course, a lot of tourists are interested in (1) ____ culture. Tourism can be very good for traditional cultures. This is because when people travel to (2) ____ country, they often want to learn more about that country's traditions, such as music, food, and history. Therefore, the local people in that country will keep their traditional culture (3) ____. They will wear traditional clothing, and sell traditional food. They will also have shows for tourists. These shows can be (4) ____, concerts, plays, or something else. Tourism also helps people respect each other. If you understand another culture well, you will probably respect that culture much more. You will probably want to (5) ____ that culture as well. However, tourism is not always good for traditional culture. Many people say that tourism creates "fake traditional culture". This means that the local people wear traditional (6) ____, and do traditional dances only for tourists, but that is not their real lifestyle. Their real lifestyles are similar (7) ____ the tourists lifestyle. They are just pretending because they want to make money. Another problem is that tourists can interfere with the local people's lives. For example, sometimes tourists come to watch local people praying in temples. While the local people pray, tourists take photographs and make noise. This often bothers the local people. Sometimes tourists also damage local sites. If 500 people enter an (8) ____ temple every day, they may damage that temple. No matter (9) ____, more and more tourists want to learn about traditional cultures. Most local people want more tourism, because tourists bring money and help local businesses. Tourists have to respect local culture and places. Local governments have to make laws that protect places and lifestyles. If everyone is responsible, then tourism will be (10) ____ for traditional cultures. 1. A. ideal B. traditional C. regular D. new 2. A. other B. others C. one D. another 3. A. alive B. clean C. beautiful D. luxury 4. A. dances B. foundations C. establishment D. fact 5. A. work B. train C. protect D. prevent 6. A. shows B. costumes C. acts D. symbolizes 7. A. with B. for C. by D. to 8. A. ancient B. attractive C. impressive D. famous 9. A. what B. how C. that D. when 10. A. big B. large C. great D. nice II. Fill in the blank with a suitable word in the box. encountered foundation influence code belief practising principles represents embrace Traditions The definition of cultural identity, in its most basic form, is a sense of belonging. This includes a shared sense of companionship, beliefs, interests and basic (1) _____ principles ____ of living. When a person identifies with their culture, they often (2) ______ embrace ___ traditions that have been passed down through the years. The cultural identity links a person to their heritage, and it can help them to identify with others who have the same traditions and basic (3) ____ belief ___ systems. Some people claim that a person's cultural identity is the (4) ____ foundation ____ or groundwork on which every other aspect of their being is built. It is the cornerstone of what makes them who they are. Following one's culture often means (5) _____ practising _____ a specific religion, wearing a certain type of clothing or something else that (6) _____ represents ____ their culture. It creates an outward visible means of identifying that person as part of a particular culture or nationality. The Aboriginal tribes of Australia and New Zealand are excellent examples of this. Many tribes still live and behave as they did when they first (7) ____ encountered ______ white civilization. They hunt, dress,
9. celebrate and live their lives as if no one has ever attempted to (8) ____ influence ____ them. They follow a tribal form of government and also stick to a strict (9) _____ code _______ of ethics both in tribal and family life. (10) ______ Traditions ______ are often passed down from generation to generation and have been in existence for hundreds of years. III. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. UNDERSTANDING INDIA'S CASTE SYSTEM It has been said that life is what we make of it. In other words, if we work hard and focus on our goals, we can have great careers and enjoy high status is society. However, these opportunities don't exist for everyone. In some places, the family you are born into will decide almost everything about your life. India's caste system is an example of this. The caste system is a major part of the Hindu religion that has existed for thousands of years. It is a way of organizing and grouping people based on the occupation of the family. Castes will determine whom people can socialize with and their place in society. Originally, a person's caste was supposed to be determined by their personality, but over time it has been linked to their job and family. There are four classes, also known as varnas, in India's caste system. The highest one is Brahmin. People in this class have jobs in education and religion. These are seen as extremely important functions for the society as they deal with the knowledge. The second highest level is the Kshatriya, or ruling class. People from this group can be soldiers, landowners, or have jobs in politics. The class beneath this is the Vaishya. These people often work in the commercial sector as merchants. The fourth class level is the Shudra. Shudras typically work as unskilled laborers doing factory or farm work, or they may also be employed as artists. There is another group, the Harijan, that is at the bottom and considered to be outside of the caste system. For many years, they were known as Untouchables, people from this caste held the most undesirable jobs in society, such as cleaning up garbage. Furthermore, they weren't allowed to pray at public temples or drink water from the same wells as other classes. If someone from another caste came into contact with an Untouchable, they were considered dirty and would be expected to bathe vigorously to clean themselves, Although the caste system still exists in India, the government is taking steps to improve the living conditions and decrease unemployment rates for the Shudras and Harijan. This includes providing better health care, offering literacy programmes, and making sure that people from higher social classes do not exploit them. It seems unlikely that the caste system will disappear any time soon, but the overall conditions for those at the bottom do seem to be improving. 1. Which of the following is not true about India's caste system? A. The caste system has been used in India for a long time. B. The Kshatriya is the second highest class. C. Hard work helps people move up in the caste system. D. It is possible that a Shudra would work on a farm. 2. The word "this" in paragraph 1 refers to ____. A. the fact that your origin will mostly decide your future B. the pleasure of life in India C. the India's caste system existing for thousands of years D. the major part of the Hindu religion 3. What is the caste system mainly based on? A. What a person believes on B. When a person starts school C. Who a person's parents are D. Where a person was born 4. What kind of job would a Brahmin likely have? A. A priest B. A warrior C. An inventor D. A painter 5. What could replace the word "ruling" in paragraph 3? A. defeating B. guessing C. delaying D. governing 6. All of the following are true about the Harijan EXCEPT that ____.
10. A. they used to be known as Untouchables B. they had to do undesirable jobs in society C. any contact between someone from another caste with an Untouchable was considered unacceptable D. anyone from another caste coming to contact with an Untouchable is not allowed to pray at temples 7. What does the passage suggest about the future of the caste system? A. One day soon it won't be used anymore in India. B. It is probably going to get worse before it gets better. C. The bottom groups will rise to rule over the top classes. D. It will likely continue to exist for a long time in India. IV. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each of the questions. The custom of paying a bride price before marriage is still a well-established part of many African cultures. In paying a bride price, the family of the groom must provide payment to the family of the bride before the marriage is allowed. The bride price can vary greatly from culture to culture in Africa. In the Zulu and Swazi tribes of southern Africa, the bride price often takes the form of cattle. In Western African kola nuts, shells, and other goods are often used for the payment of the bride price. The actual payment of money sometimes takes place, but the payment of goods is more frequent. The amount of paid in a bride price can also vary. In modern times, the bride price is occasionally quite small and its value is mainly symbolic. However, the bride price can still be quite high, especially among prominent or highly traditional families. There are a number of justifications used to explain the payment of bride price. The first is that the bride price represents an acknowledgement of the expense the bride's family has gone in order to raise her and bring her up as a suitable bride for the groom. It also represents payment for the loss of a family member, since the bride will officially become a member of her husband's family and will leave her own. On a deeper level the bride price represents payment for the fact that the bride will bring children into the family of the groom, thereby increasing the wealth of the family. This concept is reinforced by the fact that the bride price must often be returned if the bride fails to bear children. The payment of the bride price has quite a number of effects on African society. First, the payment of bride price acts to increase the stability of African family structures. Sons are dependent on their fathers and older relatives to help them pay the bride price of their wives, and this generally leads to greater levels of obedience and respect. The negotiations between the two families concerning the bride price allow the parents and other family members to meet and get to know one another before the marriage. Finally, since the bride price must often be repaid in case of divorce, the bride's family often works to make sure that any marital problems are solved quickly. Bride prices also work as a system of wealth distribution in African cultures, Wealthier families can afford to support the marriage of their son, and thus their wealth is transferred to other families. 1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the bride price EXCEPT ____. A its amount and form can vary B. its practice is occasionally only symbolic C. it is a relatively new practice in Africa D. it is generally higher among traditional families 2. Why does the author mention “the payment of money” in paragraph 1? A. To stress that the use of goods in the payment of bride price is most common. B. To demonstrate the differences in how rich and poor families pay the bride price. C. To illustrate how the practice of bride price has changed over time. D. To demonstrate how expensive a bride price can be sometimes. 3. The word "prominent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____. A. educated B. important C. religious D. conservative 4. The phrase "The first" in paragraph 2 refers to the first ____.
11. A. marriage B. bride price C. payment D. justification 5. It can be inferred from the paragraph 2 that African families ____. A. never see their daughters after marriage B. pay the bride price on the day of the wedding C. place more value on men than women D. place great importance on childbirth 6. The author uses the word "marital" to indicate that the problems are related to ____. A. money B. law C. marriage D. pregnancy 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Sometimes the bride's family has to return the bride price to the groom's for equal distribution of wealth. B. The initial negotiations over the bride price provide opportunities for 2 families to meet each other. C. Animals are not an acceptable form of payment when it comes to paying the bride prices. D. Without having to pay the bride price, African men would not respect their family members. 8. Why are women often married to older men? A. Young men lack the financial to marry. B. The legal age for marriage is lower for women than for men. C. Families are eager to gain the bride price from their daughter's marriage. D. Women live longer than men on average. D. WRITING I. Use double comparative to complete these following sentences. 1. They are big, they fall fast. The bigger they are, the faster they fall. 2. It is hot, I feel miserable. The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. 3. I look into your eyes much, I love you much. The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you. 4. He got old, he became bad-tempered. The older he got, the more bad-tempered he became. 5. He worked hard. He felt very bad. The harder he worked, the worse he felt. 6. When we think of the exam, we get more and more excited. The more we think of the exam, the more excited we get. 7. As this road gets busier, it becomes more and more dangerous. The busier this road gets, the more dangerous it becomes. 8. When you get near to the Equator, the temperature becomes high. The nearer you get to the Equator, the higher the temperature becomes. 9. If she stays in England a long time, her English will be very good. The longer she stays in England, the better her English will be. 10. You write fast, your writing becomes illegible. The faster you write, the more illegible your writing becomes. II. Rewrite the following sentences so that the second ones have the same meaning as the given sentence. 1. "Have you turned off the faucet before going out yet?" his mother asked. His mother asked him whether/ if he had turned off the faucet before going out. 2. Jenny is proud of having solved the difficult maths problem. Jenny prides (herself) on having solved the difficult maths problem. 3. Mary didn't realize the seriousness of the ongoing chaos in her family. Little did Mary realize about t?he seriousness of the ongoing chaos in her family. 4. I was just too rigid to show him my true feelings, and it did hurt badly. So rigid was I that I couldn’t s.how him my true feelings, and it did hurt badly.
12. 5. There is no point in asking that coward to fix his wife, he daren't even look at her when talking to her. It’s no good asking that coward to fix his wife, he daren't even look at her when talking to her. 6 I'm sure it wasn't Mrs. Clarence that you saw at the park last night as she's been away for the vacation since last week. It can't have been Mrs. Clarence that you saw at the park last night as she's been away for the vacation since last week. 7. The strong wind blowing all night swept away everything lighter than a table out of its way. Everything lighter than a table was swept away by the strong wind blowing all night out of its way. 8. Print off this document for me right now, I'll need it in a few minutes." said the boss to his secretary. The boss ordered his secretary to print off the document for him right then as he would need it in a few minutes. III. Rewrite the following sentences so that the second ones have the same meaning as the given sentence. 1. "Could I help you with the washing up?" Sophia said to her boyfriend. Sophia offered to help her boyfriend with the washing up. 2. "I won't ever go and live in that haunted house with him." said Lana. Lana refused to go and live in that/ the haunted house with him. 3. "I'll give the crazy dog back to you the moment your hand touches my door knob." said Haley to her teenage neighbor. Haley promised her teenage neighbor to give the crazy dog back to her/ him the moment her/ his hand touched her door knob. x4. "Don't let the child stay near the water, she might drown." Janet told me. Janet warned me not to let the child stay near the water as she might drown. 5. "Please don't ever let go of my hand." said the little girl to her cute boyfriend. The little girl begged her cute boyfriend to not ever let go of her hand. 6. His optimism in his illness went beyond his family's expectation. Never had his family expected he was so optimism in his illness/ such optimism in his illness. 7. "Where did you go last night? I was looking for you." said Lan to Nam. Lan asked Nam where he had gone the night before and that she had been looking for him. 8. The fire is believed to have been caused by an accidental crash. People believe that the fire was caused by an accidental crash. PRACTICE TEST I. Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern. 1. A. historical B. renovation C. traditional D. continuous 2. A. famous B. become C. relic D. passage 3. A. Confucian B. cultural C. architect D. festival 4. A. behavior B. brilliant C. existence D. impressive 5. A. establish B. impressive C. successful D. typical 6. A. educated B. initially C. wonderfully D. beautifully 7. A. memorialize B. university C. originally D. occasionally 8. A. laureate B. together C. engraving D. italic 9. A. achievement B. important C. following D. consider 10. A. tortoise B. between C. scholar D. doctor II. Choose the best one (A, B, C or D) to complete the sentence or replace the underlined word. 1. The cuisine of France is ____. A. more famous than that of England B. famous than the cuisine of England C. more famous than which of England D. as famous than that of England 2. Earning money has always been the thing that pleases him most. ____ he becomes, he is ____. A. The more rich/ the more happy B. The richest/ the happiest C. The richer/ the happier D. Richer and richer/ happier and happier
13. 3. We think they ____ all that is necessary A. have done B. doing C. had done D. would do 4. They go to church every Sunday to ____ their God. A. celebrate B. worship C. support D. follow 5. The faster we finish, ____. A. the sooner we can leave B. we can leave sooner and sooner C. the sooner can we leave D. we can leave the sooner 6. Of all athletes, Alex is ____. A. the less qualified B. the less and less qualified C. the more and more qualified D. the least qualified 7. The climber was seventy miles in the wrong direction and got ____. A. more panicked B. the more panicked C. more than panicked D. more and more panicked 8. Most of the ethnic groups in the United States adjust to mainstream America, but may still ____ many of their cultural customs and their native ethnic language A. retain B. limit C. hold D. contain 9. Their children ____ lots of new friends since they ____ to that town. A. have made - moved B. were making - have moved C. made - are moving D. made - have been moving 10. ____ you study for these exams, ____ you will do. A. The harder/ the better B. The more/ the much C. The hardest/ the best D. The more hard/ the more good 11. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that ____ it is at night, ____he plays his music! A. the less/ the more loud B. the less/less C. the more late/ the more loudly D. the later/the louder 12. Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become ____. A. more and more good B. better and better C. the more and more good D. gooder and gooder 13. "Where's Tony?" "He ____ to the travel agent's, and he hasn't come back." A. has been B. has been going C. has gone D. had gone 14. Culture serves to give a(n) ____ to a group, ensures survival and enhances the feeling of belonging. A. similarity B. difference C. identity D. interest 15. The Sears Tower is ____ building in Chicago A. taller B. the more tall C. the tallest D. taller and taller 16. Petrol is ____ it used to. A. twice as expensive as B. twice expensive more than C. twice more than expensive D. more expensive than twice 17. Robert does not have ____ Peter does. A. money more than B. as many money as C. more money as D. as much money as 18. The Mekong Delta is ____ deltas in Vietnam. A. the largest of the two B. the more larger of the two C. one of the two largest D. one of the two larger 19. Peter is ____ John. A. younger and more intelligent than B. more young and intelligent than C. more intelligent and younger than D. the more intelligent and younger than 20. San Diego is the ____ town in Southern California. A. more nice and nice B. the nicest C. nicest D. nicer and nicer 21. Unfortunately, her illness was ____ than we thought at first.
14. A. serious B. serious and serious C. more and more serious D. the most serious 22. Because they are a very close family, there is probably nothing that can break their ____. A. share B. contribution C. solidarity D. group 23. It gets ____ when the winter is coming. A. cold and cold B. the coldest and coldest C. colder and colder D. more and more cold 24. Studies show that children who are exposed to a more ____ community are more creative and tolerant of differences, because these students learn how to resolve conflict more easily. A. various B. similar C. differently D. diverse 25. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was ____ than usual. A. crowded B. more and more crowed C. a bit crowded D. the most crowded III. The word in brackets at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a word that fits suitably in the blank. 1. In many circumstances, the attire is a ____conservative____ business suit, but it can range from a dinner jacket to blue jeans. CONSERVATION 2. Shaping a stone tool is one of the oldest cultural ____practices____, and it still takes great skill and knowledge. PRACTICING 3. A positive attitude helps language students maintain their interest in learning long enough to ____achieve___ their goals. ACHIEVEMENT 4. When Helen moved to Japan, she had to quickly ____assimilate___ a new language into her vocabulary. ASSIMILATIVE 5. His ____behavior____ and attire suggested the seaman rather than a man of art. BEHAVE 6. His paintings were so unique as to require no signature for ___identification__. IDENTIFY 7. Dying languages and urbanization are threats to cultural ____identity___. IDENTIFICATION 8. When people of different cultures come together to celebrate and share their different traditions, it is an example of a(n) ____multicultural____ celebration. MULTICULTURAL IV. Choose the correct answer. 1. Of the four dresses, I like the red one (better/ best). 2. Pat's car is (faster/ fastest) than Dan's. 3. John is (less/ least) athletic of all the men. 4. Does Fred feel (weller/ better) today than he did yesterday? 5. My cat is the (prettier/ prettiest) of the two. 6. This vegetable soup tastes very (good/ best). 7. David is the (happier/ happiest) person that we know. 8. This summery is (the better/ the best) of the pair. 9. Jim has as (few/ fewer) opportunities to play tennis as I do. 10. The museum is (the further/ the furthest) away of the three buildings. V. Complete each of the following sentences, using the structure comparative + and + comparative with the word in blackets. 1. It is becoming ___harder and harder___ to find a job. (hard) 2. His visit to New York seemed to get ____shorter and shorter______ because he was very busy at work. (short) 3. Eating and travelling in this city is getting ____more and more expensive____. (expensive) 4. As the day went to the weather got ____worse and worse____. (bad) 5. We had to shop the discussion because the question we becoming ___more and more complicated__. (complicated) 6. Your English is Ok now, your pronunciation has got ____better and better_____. (good) 7. Little John is becoming ____more and more active____. (active) VI. Fill in the blank with a suitable word in the box.
15. direction alive pronounced basis ancestors while roots given assimilate milestones Culture is the underlying foundation of traditions and beliefs that help a person relate to the world around them. It is the (1) ____ basis ___ for any superstitions they may have. It is the aversion to specific types of meat, or which days you can work on. Culture gives us a definite starting point when beginning to search for our (2) _____ roots _____. Knowing where a person comes from will help to define how they look at their family obligations as well as how they celebrate important (3) ___ milestones ___ in life. Culture is extremely important if a tribe or ethnic group intends to continue living in the same fashion as their (4) ___ ancestors ____. The aboriginal tribes of New Zealand, Australia, and other countries across the world often struggle to keep their traditions (5) ____ alive ____. Conquering nations try to (6) ____ assimilate ____ native people into mainstream society, urging them to give up their century-old traditions. Most unwillingly refuse, (7) ___ while ____ the ones who agree to become more modernized, often struggle as time passes. Once a person has (8) _____ given ____ up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture, they begin to lose their sense of self. They no longer can identify themselves with the things that were once the most important things in their lives. They lack (9) _____ direction _____. As time passes and they continue to forget about their past and their natural traditions, their identity becomes less and less (10) ____ pronounced ___. VII. Read the following passage and choose the best option for each numbered blank. Heritage is traditional (1) ____, customs, and culture. We sue the world "heritage" in many different ways. People talk about their family's heritage, their city's heritage, and their country's heritage. Here are some examples of heritage. During Chinese New Year, people in Taiwan give red envelopes. That is part of Taiwanese (2) ____. Every year in the American city New Orleans, there is a huge party called Mardi Gras. That is a part of New Orleans' heritage. Heritages can also be more (3) ____ and personal. If your family has a big dinner every Sunday night, that's part of your family's heritage. Today, heritage is changing. The Internet connects people around the world. In many ways, this is a good thing, (4) ____ we can learn about the heritage of other countries, and we can show our own heritage to the world. However, some people worry that traditional heritage is (5) ____. Think about it. In many ways, countries are becoming more and more (6) ____. In just about every country around the world, you can find MacDonald's, Nike shoes, Starbucks coffee, and American films. Some people think it is a good thing. However, almost everyone wants to protect (7) ____ traditional heritage, and sometimes this is hard. for example, when a new MacDonald's opens in your town, a traditional restaurant might have to close. This is why heritage (8) ____ is so important. Heritage protection is a simple idea. It means (9) ____ your country's or your city's heritage alive. People do this in many ways. The biggest part of heritage protection is probably preserving old buildings. (10) ____ other examples of heritage protection are making sure your children speak your traditional language, and teaching your heritage to children The world is changing very fast. This change brings a lot of good things. But as the world is changing, it is important to remember the heritage of our parents and our grandparents. 1 A. diversities B. celebrations C. beliefs D. bases 2. A. cause B. heritage C. origin D. celebration 3. A. private B. own C. common D. public 4. A. so B. therefore C. although D. because 5. A. disappearing B. accepting C. requesting D. putting 6. A. lively B. live C. alike D. living 7. A. our B. its C. whose D. their 8. A. instruction B. protection C. position D. management 9. A. rejecting B. taking C. keeping D. turning
16. 10. A. A little B. A few C. Many D. Some VIII. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. You can usually tell when your friends are happy or angry by the looks on their faces or by their actions. This is useful because reading their emotional expressions helps you to know how to respond to them. Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others. But does raising the eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the same thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar? Much research on emotional expressions has centered on such questions. According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people speak and understand substantially the same "facial language". Studies by Ekman's group have demonstrated that humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the human species. Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle. Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise. There are, however, huge differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays the so called display rules. In many Asian cultures, for example children are taught to control emotional responses especially negative ones while many American children are encouraged to express their feelings more openi Regardless of culture, however, emotions usually show themselves, to some degree in people's behavior. From their first days of life, babies produce lacial expressions that communicate their feelings. The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too. Very young children pay close attention to facial expressions, and by age live, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading emotions on people's faces. This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities to express and interpret a basic set of human emotions. Moreover, as Charles Darwinpointed out over a century ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries, Cross - cultural psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry dillerent meanings in different cultures. For example, what emotion do you suppose might be conveyed by sticking out your tongue? For Americans, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise. Likewise, a grin on an American face may indicate joy, while on a Japanese face it may just as easily mean embarrassment. Clearly, culture influences emotional expressions. 1. The word "evolved" is closest in meaning to ____. A. developed B. simplified C. increased D. reduced 2. Many studies on emotional expressions try to answer the question whether ____. A. raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth. B. different cultures have similar emotional expressions. C. rounding the mouth has the same meaning in Minneapolis and Madagascar D. eyebrow raising means the same in Minneapolis and Madagascar. 3. Unlike American children, Asian children are encouraged to ____. A. change their behavior B. conceal their positive emotions C. display their emotions openly D. control their emotions 4. The biggest difference lies in ____. A. how intensive emotions are expressed B. how often positive emotions are shown C. how emotional responses are controlled D. how long negative emotions are displayed 5. According to the passage, we respond to others by ____. A. looking at their faces B. observing their looks C. watching their actions D. observing their emotional expressions 6. Young children ____. A. spend a long time learning to read others' emotions B. are sensitive towards others' emotions C. make amazing progress in controlling their emotions
17. D. take time to control their facial expressions 7. The best title for the passage is ____> A. Human Habit of Displaying emotions B. Ways to Control Emotional Expressions C. Cultural Universals in Emotional Expressions D. Review of Research on Emotional Expressions IX. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. The difference between the nuclear family and the extended family is that a nuclear family refers to a single basic family unit of parents and their children, whereas the extended family refers to their relatives such as grandparents, in-laws, aunts and uncles, etc. In many cultures, and particularly indigenous societies, the latter is the most common basic form of social organization. A nuclear family is limited, according to Kristy Jackson of Colorado State University, to one or two parents (e.g. a father and mother) and their own child, or children, living together in a single house or other dwellings. In anthropology, they only must be related in this fashion; there is no upper or lower limit on the number of children in a nuclear family. The extended family is a much more nebulous term, but in essence refers to kin or relations not covered by the above definition. In historical Europe and Asia as well as in Middle Eastern African, and South American Aboriginal cultures, extended family groups were typically the most basic unit of social organization. The term can differ in specific cultural settings, but generally includes people related in age or by lineage. Anthropologically, the term "extended family' refers to such a group living together in a household, often with three generations living together (grandparents, parents, and children) and headed in patriarchal societies by the eldest man or by some other chosen leadership figure. However, in common parlance, the term "extended family" is often used by people simply to refer to their cousins, aunts, uncles, and so on, even though they are not living together in a single group. Historically, most people in the world have lived in extended family groupings rather than in nuclear families. This was even true in Europe and in the early United States, where multiple generations often lived together for economic reasons. During the 20h century, average income rose high enough that living apart as nuclear families became a viable option for the vast majority of the American population. In contrast, many indigenous societies and residents of developing countries continue to have multiple generations living in the same household. The rise of the nuclear family in the modern West does not necessarily mean that family arrangements have stabilized, either. The rapid growth in single-parent households, for instance, also represents a substantial change in the traditional nuclear family. More couples are also choosing not to have children at all. 1. What is the passage mainly about? A. The dominance of nuclear families over extended ones B. The dominance of extended families over nuclear ones C. A distinction between nuclear families and extended ones D. The changes of family types over times 2. The word "the latter" in paragraph 1 refers to ____. A. family unit B. relatives C. the nuclear family D. the extended family 3. Historically, extended families were the most basic unit of social organization in all of the following places EXCEPT ____. A. The Middle East B. Asia C. North America D. Europe 4. The word "patriarchal" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ____. A. ruled or controlled by men B. equal for both men and women C. simple with no rules and laws D. modern with advanced facilities 5. According to the passage, single-parent households ____. A. are not defined by anthropologists B. are the existing trend of family arrangement C. are included in the term "nuclear family" D. are on the decrease
18. 6. The word "viable" in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by ____. A. impossible B. possible C. explainable D. fashionable 7. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Since the 20th century, more and more American couples have lived in extended families because of the financial burdens. B. Nuclear families are the most basic form of social organization all over the world. C. The popularity of nuclear families in western countries helps to stabilize family arrangement. D. Traditional nuclear families have changed a lot over times. 8. What can be inferred from the reading passage? A. Indigenous communities have been completely eradicated all over the world. B. In the future, all extended families will be replaced by nuclear ones. C. Anthropology is a science concerning human race and its development. D. Couples with no children can't be defined as families. X. Use double comparative to complete these following sentences. 1. She is mature, she becomes beautiful. The more mature she is, the more beautiful she becomes. 2. He studies much, he becomes stupid. The more he studies, the more stupid he becomes. 3. He drinks much water, he becomes thirsty. The more water he drinks, the thirstier he becomes. 4. He is mature, he becomes intelligent. The more mature he is, the more intelligent he becomes. 5. You speak English much, your English will be good. The more you speak English, the better your English will be. 6. People save much paper, much wood pulp is preserved. The more paper people save, the more wood pulp is preserved. 7. We make much paper, it becomes cheap. The paper we make, the cheaper it becomes. 8. Petrol becomes expensive, people drive little. The more expensive petrol becomes, the less people drive. 9. You make much money, you spend much. The more money you make, the more you spend. 10. You work hard, you will get good results. The harder you work, the better results you will get. 11. You learn with him much, you will know him well. The more I learn with him, the better you will know him. 12. Many people live in this city, they need many services. The more people live in this city, the more services they need. 13. You do much exercise, you are fit. The more exercise you do, the fitter you are. 14. He wrote much, his writing becomes good. The more he wrote, the better his writing becomes. 15. They use much wood pulp, they cut many trees. The more wood pulp they use, the more trees they cut.